Zero-knowledge programming languages have become the backbone of modern blockchain scaling and privacy solutions. Starknet’s ecosystem, in particular, is home to several major ZK languages, each with unique design philosophies and technical trade-offs. In this article, we benchmark the leading ZK languages (Cairo, Noir, Circom, o1js, Leo, and others) against key criteria: performance, privacy features, proving time, scalability, composability, developer experience, documentation, security, and adoption
Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) let you prove a statement. “this transaction is valid,” for example, without revealing any sensitive data. The prover is the engine that generates these cryptographic proofs, and until now it has been resource-intensive and largely centralized. S-two, StarkWare’s next-generation STARK prover, flips this model on its head: it’s the fastest prover in the world, runs on everyday devices (laptops, phones, browsers), and is open-source from day one
Imagine onboarding a quarter-million users to your dApp for less than the cost of a single ETH transaction. Imagine a blockchain stack that gives you turnkey Rollup-as-a-Service, appchain deployment, and seamless access to Ethereum, Bitcoin, and Solana — without ever “just” being a chain. This is the SN Stack today.
Traditional banks are centuries-old institutions that offer a full range of financial services. From deposit accounts and payments to loans, mortgages, and wealth management. They operate with physical branches and legacy systems, and are heavily regulated. Traditional banks remain dominant in terms of breadth of services, but often at the cost of cumbersome processes, fees (e.g., foreign transaction fees), and slower updates to technology.
Zero-knowledge programming languages have become the backbone of modern blockchain scaling and privacy solutions. Starknet’s ecosystem, in particular, is home to several major ZK languages, each with unique design philosophies and technical trade-offs. In this article, we benchmark the leading ZK languages (Cairo, Noir, Circom, o1js, Leo, and others) against key criteria: performance, privacy features, proving time, scalability, composability, developer experience, documentation, security, and adoption
Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) let you prove a statement. “this transaction is valid,” for example, without revealing any sensitive data. The prover is the engine that generates these cryptographic proofs, and until now it has been resource-intensive and largely centralized. S-two, StarkWare’s next-generation STARK prover, flips this model on its head: it’s the fastest prover in the world, runs on everyday devices (laptops, phones, browsers), and is open-source from day one
Privacy is emerging as one of the most dynamic and promising frontiers in the crypto economy. This market analysis explores the evolution of the privacy sector — from ideological roots to growing real-world adoption — shedding light on its macroeconomic drivers, historical development, and expanding use cases.
Imagine onboarding a quarter-million users to your dApp for less than the cost of a single ETH transaction. Imagine a blockchain stack that gives you turnkey Rollup-as-a-Service, appchain deployment, and seamless access to Ethereum, Bitcoin, and Solana — without ever “just” being a chain. This is the SN Stack today.
The crypto payment provider market has grown substantially since 2020, offering a decentralized alternative to traditional payment methods like cash, credit cards, digital wallets and bank transfers
